Decreasing Social Interaction Anxiety for Schizophrenia

Decreasing Social Interaction Anxiety for Schizophrenia CHAPTER V DISCUSSION, SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, IMPLICATIONS, LIMITATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. This chapter deals with discussion, summary and conclusions drawn. It clarifies the limitations, the implications and the recommendations of the study which are given for the different areas in Nursing practice, Nursing education, Administration and Research. The primary aim of the intervention is to decrease the social interaction anxiety among patients with schizophrenia. DISCUSSION. Schizophrenia is relatively common affecting 1.1% of population in or around 65 million people worldwide. In India about 4.5 – 7.8 millions of people suffers from schizophrenia and 7 lakhs of people suffers from Schizophrenia in Tamil Nadu. The patients with Schizophrenia have been found to have pronounced deficits in the social skills. These deficiencies may reflect the primary influence of the illnesses itself.(Del prette,1999). The present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of social skills training on social interaction anxiety among the patients with schizophrenia. It was conducted at Kongunadu Mana Nala Arakkatalai ,a chronic centre at Coimbatore. The sample size was 30 patients who were diagnosed with schizophrenia. Demographic variables showed that 80 percent of the patients were under the age group of 40 – 60yrs, 53.3 percent of the patients were males, 70 percent of the patients completed their high school, 63.3 percent of the patients were married and 60 percent of the patients were from the nuclear family. Clinical variables showed that 73 percent of the patients were chronic schizophrenic patients, 50 percent of the patients were having the illness from 2 – 4yrs and 56.6 percent of the patients were admitted in the hospital for more than 2 yrs. The distribution of the subjects according to the mean pre test values of social interaction anxiety showed 47.97 and the distribution of the subjects according to the mean post test values of social interaction anxiety showed 43.57. The collected data of the present study were statistically analyzed and the results based on the objective are discussed below:- (1) To assess the social interaction anxiety before and after the social skills training among the patients with schizophrenia. The level of social interaction anxiety before the social skills training among the patients with Schizophrenia was assessed by using the SIAS scale. The scale consists of 20 questions which includes the aspects of communication, eye contact , listening, appropriate emotional response ,interaction anxiety , greeting and smiling to others. The mean pre test value of social interaction anxiety was 47.97 and the post test value was 43.57 respectively. It showed that the schizophrenic patients are having severe social interaction anxiety. From the above results the researcher came to a conclusion that the schizophrenic patients are having severe social interaction anxiety to go for effective communication which affects their day to day life. Thus by giving the social skills training; a behaviour therapy technique the patients can improve their social skills which further leads to the good communication. A study supporting the above result is as follows: Beaz . S.et al.,(2013) conducted a study to evaluate the social functioning performance (social cognition tasks) that incorporate the different levels of contextual dependence and their involvement in the real life scenarios.50 samples were included as the study participants and out of these 25 were the control subjects. The subjects were analyzed by using the pre prepared diagnostic assessment. The results showed that the both groups has the greater interaction anxiety and thus gives the poor performance in the social cognition tasks which constitutes emotional processing, empathy and social norms. The result suggests that the social skill deficits in the patients with schizophrenia will impairs their involvement in the real life situations. (2) Evaluate the effectiveness of social skills training among the patients with schizophrenia. The post-test level of social interaction anxiety was assessed after the intervention. The comparison between the social interaction anxiety of the patients before and after social skills training was statistically evaluated using paired t’ test. The mean pre-test value of social interaction anxiety was 47.97 and post test value was 43.57. The calculated paired ‘t’ value was 6.067 which is greater than the table value (1.672) and it was significant at P From the above analysis, the investigator came to the conclusion that the social skills training was an effective intervention for decreasing the social interaction anxiety of the schizophrenic patients. A study supporting the above finding is as follows : Imam.A.S,et.al.,(2004) conducted a study to determine the effect of social skills training program on social interaction anxiety of individuals with schizophrenia. For a one month program; 62 inpatients, 32 in the study group and 30 in the control group were selected as the participants and they were given 60 min training in 10 sessions for 15 days. The results indicated that social interaction anxiety had shown a tendency to gradually decrease with the lengthening of the group treatment time. The findings demonstrated that the social skills’ training is effective in reducing the interaction anxiety in individuals with schizophrenia. Similarly; as in the above described study, the present study also showed the effectiveness of social skills training programme on social interaction anxiety among schizophrenic patients. (3)Associate the social interaction anxiety with the selected demographic and clinical variables among the patients with Schizophrenia. The association of social interaction anxiety using with selected demographic and clinical variables is found out by using the chi square test and it shows that, the calculated chi square value for all demographic variables such as age , gender, education, type of family , type of schizophrenia, duration of illness, and period of stay does not have any significant association with the social interaction anxiety at P A study supporting the above result is that Hayes (1995) conducted a study on effects of social skills training on the community functioning and its impact with the chronic schizophrenic patients.63 patients met in small groups for 36 sessions of training over 4 months. The results showed that there is a significant association in community functioning with demographic status such as gender, educational status and marital status of the patients. No association was found between the age , type and duration of illness ,and period of admission. The association of social interaction anxiety with demographic variables such as age (0.842), gender (0.523), education (0.276), and type of family (0.36) were not statistically significant at P The association of social interaction anxiety with clinical variables such as the type of schizophrenia(0.589), duration of illness (0.657), period of stay (0.992) showed no significance at P The above mentioned study also supports that there was no association between the age, type and duration of illness and period of admission. And in the present study, the researcher suggests that irrespective of the age and gender; the people will have to deal with the stressful life events daily hassels which consequently affects the social decompensations which will be varying from one another and hence their perception towards the social skills might be different. And on the other side, the educational status; the participants may not have the capability to understand the social skills training it’s importance. For the other variables, type of family, type of schizophrenia, duration of illness, period of stay ; the duration and sample of the study is less. Hence this may be the reason these variables are found as no association in the present study. Similarly as the above ; in the present study there was a significant association with the social interaction anxiety and the marital status and no association was found between age, gender, education ,type of family ,type of illness and its duration and the period of stay. SUMMARY The present study was aimed to assess the effectiveness of social skills training on social interaction anxiety among the patients with schizophrenia. The objectives formulated were as follows:- To assess the social interaction anxiety before and after the social skills training among the patients with schizophrenia. Evaluate the effectiveness of social skills training among the patients with schizophrenia. Associate the social interaction anxiety with the selected demographic and clinical variables. The social skills training was the independent variable and the social interaction was the dependent variable. One group pre–test post–test quasi experimental design was used for the study. The samples include 30 schizophrenic patients. Non probability purposive sampling technique was used. The tool for the data collection consists of the demographic and clinical variables of the patients, and social interaction anxiety scale was used to assess the social interaction anxiety of the schizophrenic patients. The study was conducted at Kongunadu Mana Nala Arakkatalai, Coimbatore for a period of 6 weeks. After the pre-test, the researcher used social skills training as the intervention. The training showed a decrease in the social interaction anxiety for the patients which was assessed by the post test. As on the hypotheses and objectives, data’s were analyzed by using both descriptive and inferential statistics to find out the effectiveness of social skills training on social interaction anxiety among the patients with schizophrenia.. And it tested and proved the formulated hypothesis. MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE STUDY The pre-test and post-test values showed that there was a decrease in the social interaction anxiety among schizophrenic patients. Thus, it was an effective intervention to decrease the communication problems among schizophrenic patients. The calculated paired‘t’ test value for the social interaction anxiety among the patients with schizophrenia was 6.067. This value was greater than the table value (1.672) and‘t’ value was significant at 0.05 level. Thus this finding implies that there was a decrease in social interaction anxiety after social skills training. The association of social interaction anxiety with selected demographic and the clinical variables using chi square test shows that; among the calculated chi square values for demographic variables, marital status had a significant association at P CONCLUSION The conclusion drawn from the study is as follows:- The statistical analysis proved that, the social interaction anxiety of the patients with schizophrenia was decreased after social skills training. Thus, social skills’ training is a good intervention to improve the social skills among the patients with schizophrenia. IMPLICATIONS The present study contributes to nursing practice, nursing education, nursing administration and nursing research. The social skills training can be used to decrease the social interaction anxiety among the patients with schizophrenia. Nursing Practice The social skills’ training is an effective therapeutic technique to improve the social skills of the patients. In the nursing practice, the Psychiatric nurses as teachers or trainers can work collaboratively with their patients for behavioural modifications such as increasing socialization, improving assertiveness. The decrease in the social interaction anxiety will improve the communication pattern of the patients which in turn help them to improve their day to day life. By using this training ; nurses can overcome the social difficulties of their patients and help them achieve higher levels of psychosocial adaptation. Nursing Education. The nurse educator can encourage the staff to implement the social skills training technique for the patients in an active and more lively manner. The nurse educator can make the staff nurses , to understand about the social skills training and thus to deliver an effective and good quality of care to their patients. Nursing Administration. The nurse administrator can initiate the social skills training in psychiatric units. The nurse administrator can implement the social skills training as a group activity among the patients. Nursing Research. The nurse researcher should explore the factors that are contributing to the lack of social skills in the hospital environment among the patients with schizophrenia. More researches should be encouraged to assess the effectiveness of social skills training in all the areas of communication. LIMITATIONS The time period of the study was very short to assess the behavioural change of the patients. The study was conducted for one aspect of the social skills. The study was conducted with the limited number of samples. RECOMMENDATIONS. A comparative study can be done with the experimental and the control group. A longitudinal study can be done with large number of samples in different settings. Further research can be conducted focusing the other aspects of social skills. A comparative study can be done with the other behaviour modification techniques.

Robert Frost Essay -- essays research papers

Robert Lee Frost was born in San Francisco on March 26, 1874 and died in Boston on January 29, 1963. Frost was considered to be one of America’s leading 20th century poets and a four-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize. He was an essentially pastoral poet who was often associated with rural New England. Frost wrote poems of a philosophical region. His poems were traditional but he often said as a dig at his archrival Carl Sandburg, that â€Å"he would soon play tennis without a net as write free verse.† Frost said this because he believed he was a pioneer of rhythm and meter and in the poetic use of vocabulary and inflections of everyday life and speech. Frost’s poetry is considered to be traditional, experimental, regional, and universal (Robert 1997).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Frost was born of two teachers. At the age of ten, Frost suffered the loss of his father. After the death of his father, his mother moved to Lawrence, Massachusetts. He grew up in a teaching atmosphere, along with its problems. Early in Frost's school career, he was extremely careless and preferred fun and game to his studies. In high school, he decided to apply and involve himself in many areas. He graduated in three years from high school at the head of his class. After high school he attended Dartmouth and Harvard but ended up not finishing at either due to personal problems (Newdick).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He was destined to be a teacher. Frost after not making it in college, went to teach at his mother's school in Salem, New Hampshire. In 1912 he went to England to be with his family, and in his publication of North of Boston, in 1914, he was finally hailed as the great artist that he truly was. After he returned to America in 1915, he went to Harvard and read a poem for some exercises, and was instantly honored by institutions of higher learning by their conferring degrees on him (Biography).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout Frost's 60 years of existence, he spent 30 of those years teaching a half a dozen subjects. He has taught in schools ranging from plain white country schoolhouses in his native land of New England to the proud American Universities. He has gained half a lifetime of considered experience and philosophical observations (Libraries). In the critical analysis that I read, the critics were hard on Frost’s work â€Å"Road not taken.† The first critic, William George, starts off by attacking other critics, saying they misin... ... with right or wrong situations, and the speaker has to choose which road, or decision, to take. I like to think that I can somewhat relate to the speaker. I have had to make many choices throughout my life and I will never know whether my choices were right or wrong until I made them. The speaker kind of concludes the poem by saying that he is relieved that he chose the right road to take. I look back and wonder if I had chosen a few different roads, how everything would have come out. I think that a lot of the roads I chose to take have been good, as far as I know. Work Cited â€Å"Biography† www.pro-net.co.uk/home/catalyst/RF/bio.html. 2000. Cervo, Nathan "Frost's The Road Not Taken" Proquest March 27. George, William "Frost's The Road Not Taken" Proquest March 27. "Libraries/media centers: Robert Frost Elementary school." American school and University; Overland Park; Aug 1999. Newdick, Robert S. "Robert Frost and the American college." The Journal of Higher Education; Columbus; Sep./Oct. 1999. â€Å"Robert Frost on the Web† http://www.amherstcommon.com/walking_tour/frost.html.1997. â€Å"Robert Frost (1874-1963)† http://www.lit.kobe-u.ac.jp/~hishika/frost.htm 2000.

The Environment And Effect On Human Health Environmental Sciences Essay

Polychlorinated Biphenyls are a group of manmade chemicals. They make up a group of two hundred and nine person chlorinated biphenyl rings, known as congeners. In the concentrated signifier, PCBs are oily liquids, oily solids, and clear to yellow in colour. ( EPA, 2012 ) . They have no odor or gustatory sensation. ( EPA, 2012 ) . They are really stable mixtures that are immune to extreme temperature and force per unit area. They have a low grade of responsiveness. PCBs are non flammable, have high electrical opposition, and are good dielectrics. ( Barbalace, 2002 ) PCBs were seen as an industrial discovery, because of its chemical belongingss. Before their prohibition in 1979, Polychlorinated biphenyls entered the environment during their industry and us in the United States. The organic chemicals were foremost manufactured by Monsanto in 1929. Prior to their prohibition, PCBs were used in 100s of industrial and commercial applications, as electrical dielectrics. Uses for PCBS included transformers, electrical equipment, hydraulic fluids, oil based pigment, carbonless C paper, compressors, heat transportation systems, pigments, adhesives, liquid cooled electric motors, fluorescent bulbs, overseas telegram insularity, plastic, and the list goes on. ( EPA, 2012 ) . Domestic utilizations included cereal boxes and bread negligees. Because of its function in prevent fires and an detonation, the chemical was required by fire codification. PCBs were seen as the ideal dielectric for companies and consumers. The qualities that make PCBs wanted by consumers and companies are besides the 1s that make it risky to the environment and human wellness. PCBs ‘ high thermal and chemical opposition means they do non interrupt down easy when exposed to heat or chemical interventions doing it to be difficult to acquire out of the environment. Since they do non interrupt down they remain in the environment and go on to construct up. Today, the chemicals can still be released in the environment through spills, leaks, and improper disposal and storage. More than half of the PCBs produced during 1929-1979 have been released into the environment. ( Barbalace, 2012 ) . Although PCBs are no longer commercially manufactured or widely used, there are still ways people can be exposed to concentrated Polychlorinated Biphenyls. The most common exposures include through nutrient, surface dirts, imbibing and land H2O, indoor air, and in the workplace. PCBs are an organic pollutant. Companies that used the substance contaminated the environment through its utilizations and disposals. In 1935, the Monsanto Company purchased the Theodore Swann chemical company and began fabricating PCBs in the United States. Monsanto continued to bring forth PCBs at its Anniston works until 1971. ( Lyons, 2004 ) . During its 40 old ages of fabricating PCBs as an electrical dielectric, the Monsanto Company flushed 10s of 1000s of lbs of PCBs into nearby brook and buried 1000000s more lbs in a hillside landfill. ( Lyons, 2004 ) . The Monsanto Company was sued by 1000s of current and former occupants of Anniston, who claim the company was cognizant of the dangers posed by PCBs and actively schemed to conceal this information from the nearby populace. ( Firestone, 2002 ) . In 1966, Monsanto directors discovered fish near the waste sites turned belly side up spirting blood and tear uping tegument, within 10 seconds of the PCBs disposal. ( Firestone, 2002 ) . The company hid their findings. In 1969, fish were found with 7500 times the legal PCB degree. ( Grunwald, 2002 ) . Company records reveal the company ‘s determination that â€Å" there was no ground to travel to expensive extremes in restricting discharge organize the works † . ( Grunwald, 2002 ) . The company was ordered to pay $ 53 million in killing cost and agreed to a planetary colony affecting current and future instances in Alabama. ( Lyons, 2004 ) . There are legion known contaminated sites around the U.S. Among the most unsafe of these, A is the Hudson River Valley. In 1947-1977, General Electric ( GE ) began dumping PCB in the river. By the prohibition in 1979, an estimated 1.3 million lbs of the man-made chemical had entered the Hudson river. The Hudson River was contaminated with PCB pollution. Twenty old ages subsequently, functionaries still have to cover with the environmental consequence of PCBs in the bedrocks of the Hudson River. ( Mele, 1998 ) . PCBs are now found throughout the Hudson River ecosystem, in in deposit, H2O, and wildlife. ( Mele, 1998 ) . The spread of PCBs throughout the Hudson River and the nutrient concatenation has created one of the most widespread, risky waste jobs in the nation.A The EPA ordered the General Electric Company to pay 460 million dollars to dredge the PCBs it had dumped into the Hudson River. ( Grunwald, 2002 ) . The Environmental Protection Agency Prevention regulates PCBs through the Toxic Substances Control Act ( TSCA ) . The Act bans the usage, distribution, industry, and processing of PCBs. TSCA gives EPA the authorization to develop and implement ordinances refering the industry, usage, killing, and proper disposal of PCBs. ( EPA, 2012 ) . Through the environment, worlds came into contact with the chemical. Polychlorinated Biphenyls are linked to legion wellness jeopardy. It has an acute toxic affect. Skin annoyances can happen in people exposed to high degrees of PCBs. Studies in the workplace suggest that exposure to PCBs may besides do annoyance of the nose and lungs. PCBs are a likely human carcinogen. EPAA?s ordinances on cancer-causing chemicals use the term `probableA? when a chemical is known to do malignant neoplastic disease in animate beings and where there is grounds that suggests that it causes malignant neoplastic disease in worlds but which is non conclusive. Surveies of PCBs in worlds have found increased rates of malignant neoplastic disease patients that may be connected to the man-made chemical. PCBs are known to do a assortment of types of malignant neoplastic disease in rats, mice, and other survey animate beings. ( EPA, 2012 ) Polychlorinated Biphenyls are linked to developmental effects. Proper development of the nervous system is critical for early acquisition and can hold potentially important deductions for the wellness of persons throughout their life-times. ( EPA, 2012 ) . Womans exposed to PCBs before or during gestation can give birth to kids with important neurological and motor control jobs. These jobs include lowered IQ and hapless short-run memory. ( EPA, 2012 ) . PCBs disrupt endocrine map. PCBs with merely a few Cl atoms can mime the bodyA?s natural endocrines. PCBs are besides thought to play a function in decreased sperm figure, reformed sex variety meats, pubescence, and altered sex ratios of kids. PCBs with more Cl atoms act like dioxins in changing the metamorphosis of sex steroids in the organic structure, which change the normal degrees of estrogens and testosterone. PCBs besides upset the balance of thyroid endocrines, which may impact the growing, rational, and behavioural development. ( EPA, 2012 ) . PCBs are found throughout the environment, and it may be impossible to avoid coming into contact with Polychlorinated Biphenyls. Peoples can seek avoiding contact with contaminated dirts and deposits. ( Wisconsin, 2012 ) . Practice good hygiene wonts. Restrict their ingestion of sport-caught fish. Wash fruits and veggies before eating them. Besides, if any member of the family works with old electrical equipment be certain the equipment is decently maintained and the country is good ventilated. ( Wisconsin, 2012 ) . Polychlorinated Biphenyls are a chemical that will non travel off. The Environmental Protection Agency is seeking their best to free the environment of its effects. The features of the man-made drug cause it to be transported easy and difficult to interrupt down. The drug has caused damaged to the environment, and the people around the environment. Polychlorinated Biphenyls will hold a lifetime consequence on the environment and people. Beginnings Barbalace, Roberta C. â€Å" The Chemistry of Polychlorinated Biphenyls. â€Å" A : PCB, The Manmade Chemicals That Wo n't Travel Away ( EnvironmentalChemistry.com ) . N.p. , n.d. Web. 27 Aug. 2012. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/chemistry/pcb.html & gt ; . Environmental Protection Agency. â€Å" Polychlorinated Biphenyls. â€Å" A EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, n.d. Web. 7 Sept. 2012. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.epa.gov/epawaste/hazard/tsd/pcbs/index.htm & gt ; . Firestone, David. â€Å" Alabama Jury Says Monsanto Polluted Town. â€Å" A The New York Times. N.p. , 23 Feb. 2002. Web. 7 Sept. 2012. & lt ; Alabama Jury Says Monsanto Polluted Town & gt ; . Grunwald, Michael. â€Å" Monsanto Held Liable For PCB Dumping. â€Å" A The Washington Post. Raw Food Info, 23 Feb. 2002. Web. 7 Sept. 2012. & lt ; Monsanto Held Liable For PCB Dumping & gt ; . Lyon, Steve. â€Å" PCB Pollution in Anniston, Alabama. † Reading.A Commonweal. Professor Raquel Pinderhughes. San Francisco State Unversity. Urban Studies and Environmental Programs, 2004. Web. 7 Sept. 2012. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.commonweal.org/programs/brc/ppt-presentations/Anniston_AL_PCB.pdf & gt ; . â€Å" Human Health Hazards – PCBs and Your Health. â€Å" A Human Health Hazards – PCBs and Your Health. N.p. , n.d. Web. 7 Sept. 2012. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/eh/hlthhaz/fs/pcblink.htm & gt ; . The Hudson River PCB Story – A Toxic Heritage. Dir. Andy Mele. W. Alton Jones Foundation, 1998. Short Film.A The Hudson River PCB Story – A Toxic Heritage. Web. 7 Sept. 2012. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.clearwater.org/pcb.html & gt ; . â€Å" What Are The Human Health Effects Of PCBs? â€Å" A What Are The Human Health Effects Of PCBs? A N.p. , n.d. Web. 7 Sept. 2012. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.clearwater.org/news/pcbhealth.html & gt ; .

Organizational Psychology Paper - 714 Words

Organizational Psychology your name PSY/428 September 20, 2010 Marianne Narick Organizational Psychology As organizations grow and expand globally, the growing number of business competitors who provide the same services becomes greater. Organizational psychologists are a benefit to organizational success, regardless of size. Organizational Psychologists can offer fresh ideas for improvement using various methods of study and research. One important step in understanding the people within an organization is to understand their behavior. How employees behave within an organization has an influence upon the lives of coworkers. Employees do not always consider the impact of decisions unless the result is beneficial or†¦show more content†¦Organizational psychology begins with an assessment and ends with an evaluation. An organizational psychologist can help management determine what position an employee would be most productive and efficient in. A manager can then review productivity and determine if the employee were placed in the best position and is satisfied with the r esults. Research and Statistics Organizational psychologists conduct a wide range of research and statistics that provide information about an organization. Statistics is data that is used in an effort increase productivity and employee satisfaction. A psychologist is under the expectation to make unbiased recommendations for organizations that benefit both the employee and organization. A psychologist researches numerous factors to determine if the employee is happy and satisfied with his job. A psychologist will take into account: sex, religion, gender, disabilities, physical attributes, job skills, and experience. This type of research expands on workplace behaviors and proposes an intervention that an organizational psychologists may propose to management. How Organizational Psychology Can Be Used Organizational psychology can help determine why employees do not work well with others, cause absenteeism, contribute to employee turnover, and explain why an employees productivity has dropped or increased. Proactively, organizational psychology can be used to create policies and procedures. Reactively,Show MoreRelatedIndustrial/Organizational Psychology Paper794 Words   |  4 PagesAre you fit to be an Industrial or Organizational Psychologist? Most would say yes in a heartbeat Industrial psychologists associate themselves with people in the workplace. Industrial psychology is often called personnel psychology, which is directly related to the field also known as organizational psychology. Usually industrial psychologists evaluate the differences between individual workers and also individual jobs. 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